Fájl- és könyvtárparancsok

pwd - munkakönyvtár kiírása

The pwd command displays the directory where the user is currently located. (pwd stands for print working directory). For example, typing

pwd

while in the Desktop will show /home/[username]/Desktop.

Note

Konsole also displays this information in both the tab and title bar of its window.

cd - könyvtárváltás

The cd command changes directories. (cd stands for change directory). When a terminal window is opened, it will be in the user's home directory. Moving around the file system requires the use of the cd.

  • To navigate into the root directory, type:

    cd /

  • To navigate to the current user's home directory, type:

    cd

    or

    cd ~

    Note

    The ~ character represents the current user's home directory. As shown above, cd ~ is equivalent to cd /home/username/. However, when running a command as root (using sudo, for example), ~ points to /root. When running a cd command with sudo, the full path to the home directory must be given.

  • To navigate up one directory level, type:

    cd ..

  • To navigate up two directory levels, type:

    cd ../../

  • To navigate to the previous directory (go back), type:

    cd -

  • To navigate through multiple levels of directories at once, specify the full directory path. For example, type:

    cd /var/log

    to go directly to the /log subdirectory of /var/. For another example, typing:

    cd ~/Desktop

    moves to the Desktop subdirectory inside the current user's home directory.

ls - list files

The ls command outputs a list of the files in the current directory. (ls is short for list). For example, typing

ls ~

will display the files that are in the current user's home directory.

Used with the -l option, ls outputs other information along with the filename, such as the permissions on the file, the file's owner, and more.

Used with the -al options, ls outputs the information associated with the -l option in addition to showing hidden files (a option).

touch - create empty file

The touch command is used either to change a file's access and modification timestamps or to create a new empty file. For example,

touch foo

will create a new empty file named foo. If foo is already a file, then using touch will update the timestamps on the file which will show the last time a file was touched.

mkdir - make directory

The mkdir command is used to create a new directory. (mkdir stands for make directory). To create a new directory named foobar, type:

mkdir foobar

cp - copy files or directories

The cp command makes a copy of a file or directory. (cp is short for copy). To make an exact copy of foo and name it bar, type:

cp foo bar

To make an exact copy of the foo_dir directory and name it bar_dir, type:

cp -r foo_dir bar_dir

mv - move files or directories

The mv command moves a file or directory to a different location or will rename a file or directory. (mv is short for move). To rename the file foo to bar, type:

mv foo bar

To move the file foo into the current user's Desktop directory, type:

mv foo ~/Desktop

This will not rename foo to Desktop because foo is a file and Desktop is a directory.

rm - remove files or directories

The rm command is used to delete files and directories. (rm is short for remove). To delete the file foo for the current directory, type:

rm foo

By default, rm will not remove directories. To remove a directory, you must use the -r option (also can be entered as either -R or --recursive). For example,

rm -r foobar

or

rm -R foobar

or

rm --recursive foobar

will remove the directory foobar, and all of its contents!